Investigation of Interspecies Interactions within Marine Micromonosporaceae Using an Improved Co-Culture Approach

With respect to bacterial natural products, a significant outcome of the genomic era was that the biosynthetic potential in many microorganisms surpassed the number of compounds isolated under standard laboratory growth conditions, particularly among certain members in the phylum Actinobacteria. Our group, as well as others, investigated interspecies interactions, via co-culture, as a technique to coax bacteria to produce novel natural products. While co-culture provides new opportunities, challenges exist and questions surrounding these methods remain unanswered. In marine bacteria, for example, how prevalent are interspecies interactions and how commonly do interactions result in novel natural products? In an attempt to begin to answer basic questions surrounding co-culture of marine microorganisms, we have tested both antibiotic activity-based and LC/MS-based methods to evaluate Micromonosporaceae secondary metabolite production in co-culture. Overall, our investigation of 65 Micromonosporaceae led to the identification of 12 Micromonosporaceae across three genera that produced unique metabolites in co-culture. Our results suggest that interspecies interactions were prevalent between marine Micromonosporaceae and marine mycolic acid-containing bacteria. Furthermore, our approach highlights a sensitive and rapid method for investigating interspecies interactions in search of novel antibiotics, secondary metabolites, and genes.     

Long-term fertilization effects on active ammonia oxidizers in an acidic upland soil in China

The effects of long-term fertilization of acidic soils on ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) communities and its ecological implications remain poorly understood. We chose an acidic upland soil site under long-term (27-year) fertilization to investigate ammonia oxidizer communities under four different regimes: mineral N fertilizer (N), mineral NPK fertilizer (NPK), organic manure (OM) and an unfertilized control (CK). Soil net nitrification rates were significantly higher in OM soils than in CK, N or NPK soils. Quantitative analysis of the distribution of amoA genes by DNA-based stable isotope probing revealed that AOA dominate in CK, N and NPK soils, while AOB dominate in OM soils. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and clone library analyses of amoA genes revealed that Group 1.1a-associated AOA (also referred to as Nitrosotalea) were the most dominant active AOA population (>92%), while Nitrosospira Cluster 3 and Cluster 9 were predominant among active AOB communities. The functional diversity of active ammonia oxidizers in acidic soils is affected by long-term fertilization practices, and the responses of active ammonia oxidizers to mineral fertilizer and organic manure are clearly different. Our results provide strong evidence that AOA are more highly adapted to growth at low pH and low substrate availability than AOB, and they suggest that the niche differentiation and metabolic diversity of ammonia oxidizers in acidic soils are more complex than previously thought.     

拮抗菌JKJ-23菌株诱导香蕉抵抗枯萎病机理的初探

摘要：以巴西蕉盆栽苗为试材，通过接种病原菌和灌根拮抗菌菌悬液等4个处理，探索不同的处理下香蕉苗防御酶活性、叶绿素含量及根系活力的差异，从而探究生防菌抗病机理。结果表明：JKJ-23菌悬液处理香蕉苗CAT、PPO、SOD、POD活性明显提高，各处理最大峰值分别是对应时间对照的3.72、2.03、1.72、2.61倍；JKJ-23菌悬液能够很好的抑制病原菌对香蕉苗叶绿素的破坏；无论有无病原菌的存在，JKJ-23拮抗菌菌悬液能够明显地提高香蕉苗根系活力。     

香蕉枯萎病拮抗内生细菌的分离鉴定及防治效果初探

从抗（耐）枯萎病香蕉品种桂蕉 9 号植株根部分离到一株对香蕉枯萎病致病菌 4 号生理小种（FOC4）平板拮 抗抑制率为 85.7%的内生细菌，命名为 GKT04。形态特征、生理生化特征鉴定及 16S rDNA 和 recA 基因序列比对结果 表明，该菌株为解淀粉芽孢杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens），GenBank 登录号为 KY328743。盆栽试验表明，经菌株 GKT04 处理的香蕉幼苗 64 d 后病情指数比对照降低了 49.23%。菌株 GKT04 最适生长温度为 30 ℃，最适 pH 为 6.0。 菌株 GKT04 发酵上清液可以明显抑制 FOC4 菌落的生长，对 FOC4 菌落生长抑制率为 33.33%，可使 FOC4 孢子萌发率 降低 71.41%。     

Phaeosphaeria sp.HD-06菌株对马唐的致病性分析及初步鉴定

为了得到能够有效抑制马唐Digitaria sanguinalis生长的生防微生物,在农田采集马唐种子,进行萌发试验,观察种子的萌发状况,从发病的种子和马唐幼苗基部分离致病菌,通过形态学观察以及ITS序列分析对致病菌进行鉴定。结果从罹病的马唐幼苗基部分离得到一株致病菌HD-06,该菌株的发酵液用水稀释至60%浓度时,对马唐种子的萌发抑制率和幼苗发病率均达到100%,这说明菌株HD-06对马唐有较好的生物防治作用。根据其形态学特点及ITS序列分析结果,鉴定菌株HD-06为暗球腔菌属Phaeosphaeria的真菌。这些结果为深入研究其对马唐的防治作用奠定了基础。     

Fibrinonecrotic Placentitis and Abortion Associated With Pantoea agglomerans Infection in a Mare

Pantoea agglomerans, family Enterobacteriaceae, is a Gram-negative bacterium that may be isolated from soil and from plants. This bacterium has been associated with disease in plants, humans, and rarely in domestic animal species. We describe here a case of fibrinonecrotic placentitis and equine abortion associated with P. agglomerans infection in southern Brazil. A fetus with 10 months of gestation and its placenta were evaluated. Gross lesions were observed in the cervical star extending to the body of the chorioallantois and consisted of a focally extensive, transmural, severely thickened yellow area. Histologically, this area in the chorioallantois was effaced by severe necrosis, associated with marked inflammatory infiltrate of neutrophils and abundant deposition of fibrin and cellular debris. Aggregates of bacterial rods were noted intermixed with inflammation areas. No significant lesions were observed in the remaining organs inspected. Tissue samples of the lung, placenta, and stomach contents were cultured, and microbiological tests revealed the growth of P. agglomerans in all evaluated samples. The present study reaffirms the participation of P. agglomerans as a cause of bacterial placentitis and abortion in horses.     

《梅山续稿》中食(药)用菌意象解读

南宋诗人姜特立所著的《梅山续稿》是一本内容丰富的诗文集。与大多数诗人不同的是姜特立在诗中塑造了独特的食(药)用菌意象。"意象"塑造是中国古典诗歌独特的审美追求。通过对诗中"意象"的解读,可以准确把握诗人创作倾向,思想所指和情感蕴含。选择《香菌诗》、《子陵瀬》、《人送岩桂之二》、《感物》4首具有代表性的诗歌进行研究和分析,对诗中食(药)用菌意象进行解读。探讨诗中的意象内蕴,挖掘诗歌的深刻内涵,以丰富我车优秀的诗歌文化。     

石油降解菌筛选及应用研究

从石油污染土壤中分离到一株新的石油降解菌,对该石油降解菌进行了鉴定,经16SrDNA测序鉴定并结合生理生化实验结果确定其为阴沟肠杆菌。该菌可以将石油作为唯一碳源进行生长代谢,实验结果表明:在菌株投加量为1%时降解效果最佳,降解率可达到26.41%。     

大肠杆菌表达系统和酵母表达系统的研究进展

由于DNA重组技术和蛋白组技术的发展与成熟,外源基因表达技术备受关注。其在生物、食品、工业以及医学领域发挥着举足轻重的作用。以原核生物细胞及真核生物细胞作为表达系统,进行目的基因序列的表达以生产蛋白疫苗、核酸疫苗和生物酶制剂等是近年来发酵工业的新型领域。原核和真核表达系统是近年来研究和应用最广泛和最成熟的外源基因表达系统。对近年来关于大肠杆菌表达系统和酵母表达系统的研究进展进行了综述。     

不同施肥方式对红壤蔬菜田氨氧化细菌和氨氧化古菌群落的影响

通过构建氨单加氧酶基因(amoA)克隆文库,研究在红壤蔬菜田上只施用磷钾化肥(PK)、只施氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、施用腐熟有机肥(DNPK)和施用新鲜有机肥(FNPK)等4种不同施肥处理的土壤氨氧化细菌(AOB)和氨氧化古菌(AOA)群落多样性及与土壤脲酶活性的相关性。结果表明:施加有机肥处理(DNPK和FNPK)的蔬菜田土壤的AOB文库和AOA文库OTU数量和Shannon指数高于只施用无机肥(NPK和PK)处理的蔬菜田土壤;DNPK和FNPK处理的土壤优势AOB菌群为多形亚硝化叶菌(Nitrosolobus multiformis),比例分别为88.5%和68.5%,NPK和PK处理的土壤优势AOB菌群为亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosospirasp.),比例分别为54.8%和65.5%;DNPK、FNPK、NPK和PK处理土壤优势AOA菌群均为阿伯丁土壤亚硝化细杆菌侯选种(CandidatusNitrosotalea devanaterra),比例分别为90.9%、84.4%、77.8%和45.2%;施加有机肥处理(DNPK和FNPK)的土壤脲酶活性和氨氧化微生物的多样性指数都高于只施用无机肥处理(NPK和PK);AOA群落多样性指数与土壤脲酶活性呈显著正相关,而AOB群落多样性与土壤脲酶活性相关性不显著。总体来看,有机肥比无机肥处理提高了AOA和AOB群落多样性,且AOA在红壤蔬菜田土壤氨氧化过程中起着更为重要的作用。